Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

Leadership - Essay Example More over, a successful leader and consequent leadership are attributed to sound judgement. The aspect of judgement is fundamental since it depicts the strength and weaknesses of a leader and leadership. Essentially, judgement is effortlessly used to determine and gauge the leaders (Huges, et al, 26). Wise and well-informed leaders are known by the extent of wisdom applied in making judgements. This study attributes that, effective leaders can be born, and other can be natured as long as they reflect and practice the fundamental of leadership. For instance, the â€Å"Action-Observation –Reflection† (AOR) model explains that acquired leadership is attributable to three aspects, which include action, observation and reflection. A leader expresses the actions extended towards certain situation, the observation made and interpretation of the impacts on other people, and personal reflection on the situation (Huges, et al, 26). Personal reflection or evaluation includes lesions learnt, personal view on doing something in a better way and feeling about the situation at hand and the overall application of experience in implementing a new idea. In summary effective leadership is rooted on the listed pillars. Effective leadership has attracted numerous researchers who have researched on diverse methodologies and have come up with diverse opinions. These opinions might be either acceptable or unacceptable meaning of an effective leader and consequent leadership. Fundamentally, numerous subjects or topics of study or research do not have one dimension of thinking. This is similar to leadership. It is relatively easy to reconcile the diverse opinion on the effective leadership than resolve the disparities. In essence, lack of congruence of among leadership researchers is irresolvable but reconcilable (Huges, et al, 76). The diverse perceptions and opinions on effective leadership can be reconciled by examining the common character traits an effective leader either

Video game console Essay Example for Free

Video game console Essay Abstract The video games industry has been through a total transformation in recent years. We can easily find in the market a wide range of video games, such as computer games (PC), console games or even interactive games with various contents. Video games industry had its annual revenue growth rate of 9. 1% ranking itself as the 3rd fastest growing segment of the Entertainment and Media market (Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2007). Especially, within the industry home video game consoles played an important part in contributing to the national economy. Besides talking about the benefits of playing video games, some critics also criticized the bad effects which video games had caused to each of individual person and to the entire society. Do video games take responsibility of all the problems involved in interacting with the computers? The intention of this report is to represent, analyze, and critically evaluate this dynamic global industry based on its benefits and drawbacks from a scientific perspective. Video Games The history of video games development is a long and intricate story. Up to now, games industry has been climbing to its peak and becoming one of the biggest commercial field. Besides, video games are becoming common entertainment. Therefore, video games importance in economy and lives is undeniable. Nonetheless, the answers for the controversies whether video games impose consummate or dreadful impact on people, especially children, have not shown up yet for a long time. However, playing video games is a two-sided affair. No one can tell if it is good or bad. If played at an appropriate time and in an acceptable period, video games are such beneficial tools. Otherwise, they can become the sharpest knife shorting your time and limiting many abilities. History of video games Video games were developed long time ago by an engineer worked in the US military. The first game had it function with a simple game engine, the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology. In 1950s, video games were created some were created, giving people a way to entertain. Tennis for Two was the pioneer in the sport game segment. The game contained a tennis ball† bounces off a horizontal line at the bottom of a oscilloscope screen, with a vertical line in the center of the screen representing a tennis net (BMI Gaming, 2002). Players controlled the game with a small handheld metal box equipped with a dial and a push button. It was important in the history of video games as being one of the first electronic games to use a graphical display. In the second generation 1970s, game industry was then strongly developed with the exist of famous games such as Odyssey, the world’s first home video game system and Pong – a huge success of Atari which was the best-selling during winter season. Pong quickly became a huge hit and its success led to the start of the modern video game industry as we know of today (Michael, 2005). The Golden Era of Video Games was a time of great technical breakthroughs and game design creativities in arcade games. Video arcade games were designed in a wide variety of genres. This era also saw the rapid spread of video arcades and game rooms across North America, Europe and Japan. Today’s video games transform to be complex and graphically realistic. They are not just the childish stuffs anymore, with more game-playing adults among their intended audience. With strong configuration, nice graphics and interesting gameplay, the evolution of gameplay devices including Playstation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii will lead the game industry to a new generation of video games. Overview of game industry Every year, the game industry brings lots of profit to the national economy. Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) predicted that the game industry would continuously grow in the coming years; focusing on revenues to increase from $31. 6 billion to $48. 9 billion USD between 2007 and 2011 (Scanlon, 2007). In the line with the â€Å"Product Life Cycle Curve† the game industry is currently at its mature stage in developed country and growth phase in developing country, as a result, many companies have to establish marketing plans to adapt to the developed but competitive international market (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2009). Moreover, the income does not only come from the game selling, it also comes from the technology advancement such as sound cards, graphic cards, some software like applications, update features and websites. Writing software is such a great way to make money, a good writer can sell hundreds of thousands copy for each of their popular games. In general, the development of game industry is totally dominating the market, successful in leading other involved segments to prosperity. Throughout history, many game companies were born and made a huge influence in the industry. Nowadays, there are three well-known game companies dominating the game industry: Sony with the PS3, Nintendo with the Wii console and Microsoft with a variety of range in computer devices and Xbox 360. Each year they all establish popular games and bring back billion dollars for game selling and game devices (ESA, 2008). They have different methods in creating their own games and applications, which enables them to hold separated market share in different segments. However, there is a change in relationship between game companies. Instead of competing in every field and genre of games, they are moving to cooperate with each other in order to fully dominate the market from other small game companies. Benefits of playing video games Establishing connections. Nowadays, video games players around the world, especially coupled gamers, may feel more reasonable to enjoy their hobbies because the playing activities can build up their relationship effectively. This benefit is more believable when a research conducted by Stony Brook University proves that there are two crucial key factors which affect the success of a relationship: the promotion of the other partner’s success and nurture an interesting life together (Daniel, 2010). During the playing process, they have many opportunities to share exciting experiences and increase trust. Therefore, after an exciting activity, the connection between two people is formed. The feeling of sharing achievement at the end is really valuable for building or maintaining a relationship. Additionally, video games also help people to support relationship in some other cases. For instance, in marriage, men sometimes get bored with their wives very quickly. Thus, women have to find some way to prevent external effects from their husbands. One recommendation is bought him a Xbox 360 or PS3 to at least keep him at home with her (Smith, 2009). IQ Increase The cognitive effects of playing video games are not only surprising but also last some years. However, there are some people who cast doubt on these benefits of that activity. In spite of that, they may change their mind after reading a research which was conducted by Ray Perez, program officer for the Office of Naval Research’s warfighter performance department (Stephen, 2010). â€Å"We have discovered that video game players perform 10 to 20 percent higher in terms of perceptual and cognitive ability than normal people that are non-game players†, he said. Perez also stated â€Å"we know that video games can increase perceptual abilities and short-term memory†. For examples, Minesweeper is one of the most favorite intelligent games for many people. We usually play it in our spare time for two purposes: spend time to relax and practice our brains. While playing that game, the ability to concentrate and memorize will be strengthened. In addition, psychologists have found out that after eight weeks playing some kinds of games which are especially designed for gamers to totally use their thinking to play, there will be a dramatic increase in IQ. To be more specific, scientists studied 600 children who played an online game called â€Å"Junglememory†. As a result, their abilities to solve mathematical and verbal problems are amazingly improved and their IQ scores also rise by 10 after the research (Skeptics, 2012). Education Some games could bring to gamers a lot of educational skills. For example, most detective games and puzzle games require an ability to remember and think critically. The Federation of American Scientist reveal that student absorb up to 90% info when taught using simulations compare with 10% via reading (Forbes, 2012). Moreover, teamwork and leader skill maybe built and improved through some kind of games according to Ian Bogost, associate professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and founder of software maker Persuasive Games. â€Å"Look at ‘World of Warcraft’: You’ve got 11-year-olds who are learning to delegate responsibility, promote teamwork and steer groups of people toward a common goal. † he said (ABC News, 2011). Not only remember and teamwork skill, the most apparent benefit that this type of entertainment could bring to student is faster response. Famous game brand names in World Cyber Game tournament (WCB) Counter Strike, Dota, Call of Duty and FIFA provide an environment to improve and practice response seed and timing ability. Building relationship In some way, games play an essential point in supporting society and building multi-level relationship. Instantly, people from far distance place will know and get access thanks to many games on Facebook. If someone does not want to communicate with strange people, he can set up a team with someone he knows in teamwork games such as League of Legend, Tactic games. By that way, children, team, and even adults have opportunities to share understanding and feeling with each other in such a convenient and relax environment. Parents and their children also get a lot of benefits from game industry. According to the ESA, 45 percent of parents played computer video games with their children at least once a week. This number had increased from 36 percent in 2007 (ESA, 2008). Following the world mainstream, parents pay many time in enjoying comedy or educational games like Neighbour From Hell or Worm Book. An another research show that 97 per cent of teens aged 12-17 play video games, and that their gaming activity had become an essential part of their social experience (Kate, 2008). Moreover, the study which was released last in 2008 also found out that 52 per cent of teenagers played games in which they considered moral and ethical issues; 43 per cent played games in which they made decisions about the way a community, city or nation should be drive; and 40 per cent played games in which they learned about a social issue. As the result, the significant high rate of social game may bring us optimistic consideration in the benefit of video game in our world. Drawbacks of Playing Video Games Violence exposure Another effect of video game is that it makes people commit violent behavior. Although there is not enough statistical evidence to find out if violent video game is the reason for major crimes such as murder or robbery, many researches have stated that playing too much brutal games with an enormous amount of time can affect our psychological state, thus influencing our actions. This could be true for people with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). ASPD is a mental health condition in which a person has a pervasive pattern of disregard for, exploiting or violating the rights of others. This disorder begins in early time of ones life and may continue when a human is grown up. Individual high in hostility tends to be more offensive after playing violent video games while another one low in hostility is less likely to be (Gentile, Lynch, Linder, Walsh, 2004). In the book Grand Theft Childhood: The Surprising Truth About Violent Video Games by Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl K. Olson (2008), they concluded that people who played mature-rated games had a higher chance of aggressive actions, such as getting into a fight, bullying, damaging school’s properties, than those didn’t play any games of that kind . Nowadays, there is not a completely reliable research that defines the link between violent video games and major crimes. However, many criminal incidents connected to video games happen every year. In May 2010, French gamer Julien Barreaux hunted and stabbed a fellow player to death who had slashed Barreaux on the game Counter-Strike with a virtual knife. Alexiane Potel, the judge at his trial called him a menace to society† (Lilian Juliet, 2001). Addiction In addition, another possible downside of video games is that they may make people become addicted to them. Extreme overuse of video games can manipulate our lives and we would care about nothing but spending a lot of hours playing them. Professor Mark Griffiths, of Nottingham Trent University, revealed the results of a survey of 7,000 online gamers in a British Science Museum lecture with 12% of the majority have sign of addiction (BBC News, 2006). A person who spends an excessive amount on gaming environment may lack their skill of communication. They neglect to go outside and take part in social activities. However, if a meeting among fellow gamers is going to take place, they definitely do not want to miss that party. This maybe because they just want to talk with people with the same interests, especially the ones who share the mutual kind of games they play. Video games addiction also causes health problems. If a person is totally addicted to video games, he/she would not consider sleeping or even eating. On a long run, this causes the muscles to work less and may lead to obesity (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). There have been many deaths because of game addiction. On July 15, Chuang, a Taiwanese teenager was dead because of playing Diablo III 40 hours straight. The report said that Chuang could stand only a few minutes when he woke up and then collapsed . The reason of his death is cardiovascular, which involves a heart or blood vessels (The Australian, 2012). Physiological Effect. Some researchers believe that playing electronic game can lead to the increase in heart rates of inexperienced gamers (Zain A Sobani, Ali Pervaiz, Mohsin Yakub, Ali Khawaja, Rehmatullah Khan, 2011). The reason is that they have no experience in playing video games; when they play, they feel like they are the characters in that game and their heart rates will increase when those characters face the problem, for example. Moreover, a person who really addicts to the video games will play it without having meals and sleeping, so the consequence is that he will lose consciousness and his health will become worse. Furthermore, some doctors believe that there are harmful rays leaving out of the screen. They are extremely harmful because they directly damage the gamers eyes. This is the reason why there is an increase in the number of people from younger generation who become short-sighted. Another bad effect causing by playing video games is arthritis. Gamers spend a long time sitting on chair, so they will be inactive. Because they only use their brain, eyes and hands, other parts of their body do not operated. In long term, it will cause the inflammation of the joints. Unreal World Syndrome Playing video games can create the gender bias (Flew Humphreysl, 2005). As people know, in lots of games, the main characters always look like heroes; the male is very tall, handsome, has big muscle and the female has the soft white skin, a beautiful outlook. Gamers, especially the younger, they think that those characters are the standard of them, so they try to live in an imaginary world. In that world, girls are objectives for boys and men to rescue. Therefore, boys usually try to prove themselves for the girls such as the heroes. This case cause extremely serious violence in school environment (Hazler Carney, 2000). All of those will lead to the stereotypes in the perception of gamers. They only see the world in video games is their ideal world. Some reports showed that they often apply the way to solve problems or troubles to the reality. As a result, changing manners happens silently and automatically. They may no longer respect their parents and teachers and may even think that those people are their enemies. Conclusion. On the bright aspect, videos games are able to help players improve dexterity, build relationships and acquire high concentration, multitasking and quick response and numerate abilities. Moreover, educators effectively use video games for educational orientation, military or medical treatment in relieving pain or stress. In addition, game industry has been proliferating stronger than ever. This young and auspicious field has contributed prodigiously to the development of the many economies. On the downside, video games can somehow cause addiction, violent behavior or even lacking social and communicational skills. Modern video games with 3D graphic, intricacy, online playing and continuously updated objectives are sources of appeals that grasp players’ attention and they cannot get their eyes off the screen. Nevertheless, the games themselves do not account for the addiction and bad effects caused to the players. People should play responsibly to get benefits from video games. Time spent on video games should be learning time besides entertaining, not a waste. There should be a balance between playing games and attending outdoor activities. Nonetheless, not all children are able to be aware that playing too much video games is a threat. They incline to keeping playing because they find games fascinating. In such situations, in lieu of thwarting their kids from playing games, parents should control and give them directions. Besides, using video games in education should be encouraged more. Educators, especially teachers, should have an open-minded attitude towards this concept. Family and school should collaborate to help children yield the most out of video games. Games producers are too involved in making educational products. References ABC News. (2011, December 26). The benefits of video games. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. com/blogs/technology/2011/12/the-benefits-of-video-games/ BBC News. (2006, November 26). Online gamers addicted say study. Retrieved from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/6193462. stm BMI Gaming. (2002). Computer games timeline and milestones. Retrieved from http://www. bmigaming. com/videogamehistory. htm Daniel, D. (2010, May 5). Video games may improve relationships. Retrieved from http://www. examiner.com/article/video-games-may-improve-relationships Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2009). International Business: Environments nd Operations (12th ed. ). N. J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. ESA. (2008). Essential Facts About The Computer and Video Game Industry 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from Entertainment Software Association: http://www. theesa. com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2008. pdf Flew, T. , Humphreys, S. (2005), Games: Technology, Industry and Culture. Oxford University Press Forbes. (2012, March 22). The Social benefits of video games. Retrieved from http://www.forbes. com/sites/insertcoin/2012/03/22/the-social-benefits-of-video-games/ Gentile, D. A. , Lynch, P, J. , Linder, J. R. , Walsh, D. A. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27(5-22) Hazler, R. J. , Carney, J. V. (2000). When victims turn aggressor: Factor in the development of deadly school violence. Professional School Counseling, 4(2), 105-112 Kate, S. (2008, September 25). Video games social, not violent, study finds. Retrieved from http://www. news. com.au/technology/video-games-social-not-violent-study-finds/story-e6frfro0-1111117579541 Kutner, L. , Olson, C. K. (2009). Grand theft childhood: the surprising truth about violent video games and what parents can do. New York: Simon and Schuster. Lilian, B. , Juliet, V. E. (2001). Video games and real life aggression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29 Mayo Clinic staff. (2011, April 2). Children and TV: Limiting your childs screen time. Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/children-and-tv/MY00522 Michael, M. (2005, April 1). A history of home video game consoles.

Importance of chemical reactor

Importance of chemical reactor INTRODUCTION The most important unit operation in a chemical process is generally a chemical reactor. Chemical reactions are either exothermic (release energy) or endothermic (require energy input) and therefore require that energy either be removed or added to the reactor for a constant temperature to be maintained. Exothermic reactions are the most interesting systems to study because of potential safety problems (rapid increases in temperature, sometimes called ignition behavior) and the possibility of exotic behavior such as multiple steady-states (for the same value of the input variable there may be several possible values of the output variable). In this module we consider a perfectly mixed, continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), shown in Figure 1. The case of a single, first-order exothermic irreversible reaction, A > B. We will show that very interesting behavior that can arise in such a simple system. In Figure 1 we see that a fluid stream is continuously fed to the reactor and another fluid stream is continuously removed from the reactor. Since the reactor is perfectly mixed, the exit stream has the same concentration and temperature as the reactor fluid. Notice that a jacket surrounding the reactor also has feed and exit streams. The jacket is assumed to be perfectly mixed and at a lower temperature than the reactor. Energy then passes through the reactor walls into the jacket, removed the heat generated by reaction. There are many examples of reactors in industry similar to this one. Examples include various types of polymerization reactors, which produce polymers that are used in plastic products such as polystyrene coolers or plastic bottles. The industrial reactors typically have more complicated kinetics than we study in this module, but the characteristic behavior is similar. The Modeling Equations For simplicity we assume that the cooling jacket temperature can be directly manipulated, so that an energy balance around the jacket is not required. We also make the following assumptions Perfect mixing (product stream values are the same as the bulk reactor fluid) Constant volume Constant parameter values The constant volume and parameter value assumptions can easily be relaxed by the reader, for further study. Parameters and Variables A Area for heat exchange CA Concentration of A in reactor CAf Concentration of A in feed stream cp Heat capacity (energy/mass*temperature) F Volumetric flowrate (volume/time) k0 Pre-exponential factor (time-1) R Ideal gas constant (energy/mol*temperature) r Rate of reaction per unit volume (mol/volume*time) t Time T Reactor temperature Tf Feed temperature Tj Jacket temperature Tref Reference temperature U Overall heat transfer coefficient (energy/(time*area*temperature)) V Reactor volume DE Activation energy (energy/mol) (-DH) Heat of reaction (energy/mol) r Density (mass/volume) The parameters and variables that will appear in the modeling equations are listed Overall material balance The rate of accumulation of material in the reactor is equal to the rate of material in by flow-the material out by flow. Balance on Component A The balance on component A is where r is the rate of reaction per unit volume. Energy Balance The energy balance is where Tref represents an arbitrary reference temperature for enthalpy. State Variable form of Dynamic Equations We can write (1) and (2) in the following state variable form (since dV/dt = 0) where we have assumed that the volume is constant. The reaction rate per unit volume (Arrhenius expression) is where we have assumed that the reaction is first-order. Steady-State Solution The steady-state solution is obtained when dCA/dt = 0 and dT/dt = 0, that is To solve these two equations, all parameters and variables except for two (CA and T) must be specified. Given numerical values for all of the parameters and variables we can use Newtons method (chapter 3) to solve for the steady-state values of CA and T. For convenience, we use an à «sà ­ subscript to denote a steady-state value (so we solve for CAs and Ts). Dynamic Behavior We noted in the previous section that were three different steady-state solutions to the case 2 parameter set. Here we wish to study the dynamic behavior under this same parameter set. Recall that numerical integration techniques were presented in chapter 4. The m-file to integrate the modeling equations iscstr_dyn.m, shown in Appendix 2. The command to integrate the equations is [t,x] = ode45(cstr_dyn,t0,tf,x0); wheret0is the initial time (usually 0),tfis the final time,x0is the initial condition vector.tis the time vector andxis the state variable solution vector. Before performing the integration it is necessary to define the global parameter vectorCSTR_PAR. To plot only concentration or temperature as a function of time, useplot(t,x(:,1))andplot(t,x(:,2)), respectively. Initial condition 1 Here we use initial conditions that are close to the low temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector is [ conc , temp] = [9,300]. The curves plotted in Figure 2 show that the state variables converge to the low temperature steady-state. Initial condition 2 Here we use initial conditions that are close to the intermediate temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector for the solid curve in Figure 3 is [conc, temp] = [5,350], which converges to the high temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector for the dotted curve in Figure 3 is [conc, temp] = [5,325], which converges to the low temperature steady-state. If we perform many simulations with initial conditions close to the intermediate temperature steady-state, we find that the temperature always converges to either the low temperature or high temperature steady-states, but not the intermediate temperature steady-state. This indicates to us that the intermediate temperature steady-state isunstable. This will be shown clearly by the stability analysis in section 5. Initial condition 3 Here we use initial conditions that are close to the high temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector is [conc, temp] = [1,400]. The curves plotted in Figure 4 show that the state variables converge to the high temperature steady-state. In this section we have performed several simulations and presented several plots. In section 6 we will show how these solutions can be compared on the same à ¬phase planeà ® plot. Linearization of Dynamic Equations The stability of the nonlinear equations can be determined by finding the following state-space form and determining the eigenvalues of theA(state-space) matrix. The nonlinear dynamic state equations (1a) and (2a) are let the state, and input variables be defined in deviation variable form Stability Analysis Performing the linearization, we obtain the following elements forA where we define the following parameters for more compact representation From the analysis presented above, the state-space A matrix is The stability characteristics are determined by the eigenvalues ofA, which are obtained by solving det (lI-A) = 0. det (lI-A)=(l-A11)(l-A22)-A12A21 =l2-(A11+A22)l+A11A22-A12A21 =l2-(trA)l+det (A) the Eigen values are the solution to the second-order polynomial l2-(trA)l+det (A) =0(13) The stability of a particular operating point is determined by finding theAmatrix for that particular operating point, and finding the Eigen values of the A matrix. Here we show the Eigen values for each of the three case 2 steady-state operating points. Input / Output Transfer Function Analysis The input-output transfer functions can be found from G(s)=C(sI-A)-1B(14) where the elements of theBmatrix corresponding to the first input (u1 = Tj-Tjs) are the reader should find the elements of the B matrix that correspond to the second and third input variables (see exercise 8) Here we show only the transfer functions for the low temperature steady-state for case 2. The input/output transfer function relating jacket temperature to reactor concentration (state 1) is and the input/output transfer function relating jacket temperature to reactor temperature (state 2) is Notice that the transfer function for concentration is a pure second-order system (no numerator polynomial) while the transfer function for temperature has a first-order numerator and second-order denominator. This indicates that there is a greater à ¬lagà ® between jacket temperature and concentration than between jacket temperature and reactor temperature. This makes physical sense, because a change in jacket temperature must first affect the reactor temperature before affecting the reactor concentration. Phase-plane Analysis In section 4 we provided the results of a few dynamic simulations, noting that different initial conditions caused the system to converge to different steady-state operating points. In this section we construct a phase-plane plot by performing simulations for a large number of initial conditions. The phase-plane plot shown in Figure 6 was generated usingcstr_run.mandcstr.mfrom the appendix. Three steady-state values are clearly shown; 2 are stable (the high and low temperature steady-states, shown as à «oà ­), while one is unstable (the intermediate temperature steady-state, shown as à «+à ­). Notice that initial conditions of low concentration (0.5 kgmol/m3) and relatively low-to-intermediate temperatures (300 to 365 K) all converge to the low temperature steady-state. When the initial temperature is increased above 365 K, convergence to the high temperature steady-state is achieved. Now, consider initial conditions with a high concentration (9.5 kgmol/m3) and low temperature (300 to 325 K); these converge to the low temperature steady-state. Once the initial temperature is increased to above 325 K, convergence to the high temperature steady-state is achieved. Also notice that, once the initial temperature is increased to around 340 K, a very high overshoot to above 425 K occurs, before the system settles down to the high temperature steady-state. Although not shown on this phase-plane plot, higher initial temperatures can have overshoot to over 500 K before settling to the high temperature steady-state. This could cause potential safety problems if, for example, secondary decomposition reactions occur at high temperatures. The phase plane analysis then, is able to à ¬point-outà ® problem initial conditions. Also notice that no initial conditions have converged to the intermediate temperature steady-state, since it is unstable. The reader should perform an eigenvalue/eigenvector analysis for theAmatrix at each steady-state (low, intermediate and high temperature) (see exercise 3). You will find that the low, intermediate and high temperature steady-states have stable node, saddle point (unstable) and stable focus behavior (see chapter 13), respectively. It should be noted that feedback control can be used to operate at the unstable intermediate temperature steady-state. The feedback controller would measure the reactor temperature and manipulate the cooling jacket temperature (or flowrate) to maintain the intermediate temperature steady-state. Also, a feedback controller could be used to make certain that the large overshoot to high temperatures does not occur from certain initial conditions. Understanding Multiple Steady-state Behavior In previous sections we found that there were three steady-state solutions for case 2 parameters. The objective of this section is to determine how multiple steady-states might arise. Also, we show how to generate steady-state input-output curves that show, for example, how the steady-state reactor temperature varies as a function of the steady-state jacket temperature. Heat generation and heat removal curves In section 3 we used numerical methods to solve for the steady-states, by solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns. In this section we show that it is easy to reduce the 2 equations in 2 unknowns to a single equation with one unknown. This will give us physical insight about the possible occurance of multiple steady-states. Solving for Concentration of A as a function of Temperature The steady-state concentration solution (dCA/dt) = 0) for concentration is We can rearrange this equation to find the steady-state concentration for any given steady-state reactor temperature, Ts Solving for Temperature The steady-state temperature solution (dT/dt = 0) is The terms in (17) are related to the energy removed and generated. If we multiply (17) by VrCp we find that Qrem=Qgen Energy Removed by flow and heat exchange Heat Generated by reaction Note the form of Qrem Notice that this is an equation for a line, where the independent variable is reactor temperature (Ts). The slope of the line is and the intercept is. Changes in jacket or feed temperature shift the intercept, but not the slope. Changes in UA or F effect both the slope and intercept. Now, consider the Q gen term Substituting (16) into (20), we find that Equation (21) has a characteristic S shape for Q gen as a function of reactor temperature. From equation (18) we see that a steady-state solution exists when there is an intersection of the Q rem and Q gen curves. Effect of Design Parameters In Figure 6 we show different possible intersections of the heat removal and heat generation curves. If the slope of the heat removal curve is greater than the maximum slope of the heat generation curve, there is only one possible intersection (see Figure 6a). As the jacket or feed temperature is changed, the heat removal lines shifts to the left or right, so the intersection can be at a high or low temperature depending on the value of jacket or feed temperature. Notice that as long as the slope of the heat removal curve is less than the maximum slope of the heat generation curve, there will always be the possibility of three intersections (see Figure 6b) with proper adjustment of the jacket or feed temperature (intercept). If the jacket or feed temperature is changed, the removal line shifts to the right or left, where only one intersection occurs (either low or high temperature). This case is analyzed in more detail in section 7.3. Multiple Steady-State Behavior In Figure 7 we superimpose several possible linear heat removal curves with the S-shaped heat generation curve. Curve A intersects the heat generation curve at a low temperature; curve B intersects at a low temperature and is tangent at a high temperature; curve C intersects at low, intermediate and high temperatures; curve D is tangent to a low temperature and intersects at a high temperature; curve E has only a high temperature intersection. Curves A, B, C, D and E are all based on the same system parameters, except that the jacket temperature increases as we move from curve A to E (from equation (7) we see that changing the jacket temperature changes the intercept but not the slope of the heat removal curve). We can use Figure 7 to construct the steady-state input-ouput diagram shown in Figure 8, where jacket temperature is the input and reactor temperature is the output. Note that Figure 8 exhibits hysteresis behavior, which was first discussed in chapter 15. The term hysteresis is used to indicate that the behavior is different depending on the direction that the inputs are moved. For example, if we start at a low jacket temperature the reactor operates at a low temperature (point 1). As the jacket temperature is increased, the reactor temperature increases (points 2 and 3) until the low temperature limit point(point 4) is reached. If the jacket temperature is slightly increased further, the reactor temperature jumps (ignites) to a high temperature (point 8); further jacket temperature increases result in slight reactor temperature increases. Contrast the input-output behavior discussed in the previous paragraph (starting at a low jacket temperature) with that of the case of starting at a high jacket temperture. If one starts at a high jacket temperature (point 9) there is a single high reactor temperature, which decreases as the jacket temperature is decreased (points 8 and 7). As we move slighly lower than the high temperature limit point (point 6), the reactor temperature drops (also known asextinction) to a low temperature (point 2). Further decreases in jacket temperature lead to small decreases in reactor temperature. The hysteresis behavior discussed above is also known asignition-extinctionbehavior, for obvious reasons. Notice that region between points 4 and 6 appears to be unstable, because the reactor does not appear to operate in this region (at least in a steady-state sense). Physical reasoning for stability is discussed in the following section. Conclusion and future work Finally the conclusion is that a small study on the continuous stirred tank reactor and its model equation after going through we come to know its importance in the chemical engineering field and also its significance as a chemical reactor The future work is that we have to calculate and prove the equation of the continuous stirred tank reactor using Laplace transformation and check it using the MATLAB he equation of the continuous stirred tank reactor using Laplace transformation and check it using the MATLAB

Topic Summary For Petroleum Paper :: essays research papers

CHEMISTRY ISU: REFINEMENT OF CRUDE OIL My ISU will focus on Petroleum, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occurs in the Earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid forms. The term is usually restricted to the liquid form, commonly called crude oil, but as a technical term it also includes natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen. In its liquid and gaseous states, it is also known as Oil, or Crude Oil. Italicized are segments from my ISU or introductions to the planned topics. In my ISU, I plan to dedicate potions of my paper to the following aspects of petroleum. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Petroleum’s many uses. Petroleum today is the source from which we derive many items. The Motor vehicle’s development in the 1930s gave petroleum a new and swiftly expanding role as the primary source of gasoline; oil and then natural gas replaced coal as the primary fuel for industrial and domestic heating. Petrochemicals derived from petroleum became the source of such chemical products as solvents, paints, plastics, synthetic rubber and fibres, soaps and cleansing agents, waxes and jellies, explosives, and fertilizers. Petroleum fuels also generate a large portion of the world's electrical-power supply. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will also discuss the exploration for crude oil, and the impending crisis if it continues to be used up at the current rates of consumption. ( is expected to exhaust the world’s supply by the mid-21st century) and possible energy alternatives. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Petroleum’s origin and formation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Petroleum is derived from aquatic plants and animals that died hundreds of millions of years ago. Their remains mixed with mud and sand in layered deposits that, over the millennia, were geologically transformed into sedimentary rock. Gradually the organic matter decomposed into petroleum, which moved from the original source beds to more porous and permeable rocks, such as sandstones and siltstones, where it finally becomes entrapped. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Types of petroleum; for example, Bitumen. It is formed by crude oil that has migrated toward the Earth's surface and has been stripped of its lighter fractions by descending water. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The components of Petroleum:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (A) hydrocarbons. I will spend a lot of time on this segment, as it allows a lot of discussion about hydrocarbons, in which I can discuss chemical compounds and molecular structures and subsequent properties. Can discuss paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics in detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (B) Non-hydrocarbons. Other constituents of petroleum include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and the metals nickel and vanadium. Most of these impurities are removed during refining.

Target for Overnight Rate

The target for the overnight rate-the main tool used by the Bank of Canada to conduct  monetary policy. The Bank carries out monetary policy by influencing short-term interest rates. It does this by raising and lowering the target for the overnight rate. The overnight rate is the interest rate at which major  financial  institutions borrow and lend one day funds among themselves; the Bank sets a target level for that rate. This target for the overnight rate is often referred to as the Bank's  key interest rate  or  key policy rate.Changes in the target for the overnight rate influence other interest rates, such as those for consumer  loans  and mortgages. They can also affect the exchange  of the Canadian dollar. In November 2000, the Bank introduced a system of eight fixed dates each year on which it announces whether or not it will change the key policy rate. The Target for the Overnight Rate is the main tool used by the Bank of Canada to conduct monetary policy f or this reason, it is also known as the policy interest rate.It tells major financial institutions the average interest rate that the Bank wants to see in the market where they lend each other money overnight. When the Bank changes the Target for the Overnight Rate, this change affects other interest rates in the economy. Canada’s major financial institutions routinely borrow and lend money overnight among themselves, in order to cover their transactions at the end of the day. Through the Large Value Transfer System (LVTS), these institutions conduct large transactions with each other electronically.At the end of the day, they need to settle with each other. One bank may have funds left over, while another bank may need money. The trading in funds that allows all institutions to cover their transactions at the end of the day takes place in the overnight market. The interest rate charged on those loans is called the overnight rate. The transmission mechanism of monetary policy The transmission mechanism is the complex chain of cause and effect that runs from the Bank of Canada's actions to changes in asset prices, aggregate demand, the output gap and, eventually, inflation.Among economists, there is some debate about the nature of the transmission mechanism. Engert and Selody (1998), for example, emphasize the important distinction between the passive-money and active-money views of the transmission mechanism and argue that the possibility of making policy errors can be reduced by paying attention to both views. Even among those who agree on the broad nature of the mechanism, there is recognition of considerable uncertainty regarding the timing and quantitative importance of specific linkages.A collection of speeches and research papers published by the Bank of Canada (1996) provides a mainstream  view  of the transmission mechanism. The transmission mechanism is best understood by tracing through the effects of a hypothetical policy decision. For ex ample, consider a situation akin to that in the autumn of 2004, when the Bank had good reason to expect that the solid economic recovery occurring both in Canada and in the global economy would create pressures for Canadian inflation to rise over the coming months. In this case, the Bank's policy response was to raise its target for the overnight interest rate.

Awareness to the Health Problem of Violence Against Women

The American Nurses Association (ANA) supports education of nurses, health care providers and women in skills necessary for prevention of violence against women; assessment of women in health care institutions and community settings; and research on violence against women. ANA believes there is a need to increase awareness to the heath problem of violence against women, as well as reduce injuries and psychological misery associated with this crime. ANA believes health care professionals must be educated as to their role in the assessment, intervention, and prevention of physical violence against women. Further, ANA supports the YEAR 2000 Health Objectives, which cite the surveillance, prevention and intervention for violent behavior as a priority issue for the nation. Physical violence against women is behavior intended to inflict harm and includes, slapping, kicking, choking, punching, pushing, use of objects such as weapons, forced sexual activity and injury or death from a weapon. Physical violence is by definition, assault and it is a crime. Ninety-five percent of serious assaults by a spouse or intimate partner are men battering women. Abuse is the leading cause of injury to women and homicide a major cause of traumatic death to women. Physical violence against is pervasive and cuts across all ethnic, racial, religious, and socio-economic groups. Based on national survey results, 1. 8 million women are beaten by their husbands each year. Stated another way, one of every eight husbands assaults his wife at least once during a given year. Abuse during courtship and cohabiting relationships affects between 16 and 23 percent of all dating relationships. The FBI estimates that her male partner will physically assault one in two women during her lifetime. Frequently physical abuse begins during pregnancy with 25-30 percent of pregnant women reporting abuse prior to or during pregnancy. Pregnant women reporting abuse are more likely to deliver a low birth weight infant. Injuries to women sustained from abuse include contusions, concussions, lacerations, fractures and gun shot wounds. Emergency room records document that 22 to 35 percent of women presenting any complaint are there because of symptoms related to physical abuse. Some 1,000 women are killed each year by their male partner, almost always following years of physical abuse. The economic costs of interpersonal violence are high especially if a weapon is involved. The lifetime cost of firearm deaths and injuries are estimated at $23 billion in 1990 with more than 80 percent of the medical care costs borne by public funds. During the same year, injuries caused by interpersonal violence requiring hospitalization cost an estimated $80 billion. Because most physical violence between intimate partners goes underreported, the economic costs are grossly underrepresented. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Surgeon General and Centers for Disease Control have forwarded recommendations that all women be routinely screened for physical abuse and offered counseling, education, advocacy and appropriate referrals. Year 2000 Health Objectives cite the surveillance, prevention for violent behavior as a priority issue for the Nation.  · Routine education of all nurses and health care providers in the skills necessary to prevent violence against women Routine assessment and documentation for physical abuse of all women in any health care institution or community setting  · Targeted assessment of women at increased risk of abuse including pregnant women and women presenting in emergency rooms.  · Education of all women as to the cycle of violence, the potential for homicide, and community resources for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention and care.  · Education of school age children and adolescents in public schools about relationships without violence and community resources for help. Research on violence against women, including the development and evaluation of nursing models for preventive assessment, intervention, and treatment for abused women, their children and perpetrators of violence. Partner abuse victims tend to obscure their victimization. They are acutely aware that disclosure of their dilemma will be met with defiance or minimization by their partner, friends, and relatives and by increased abuse by their partners. When a woman becomes independent financially and emotionally the abuse increases the violence by their partner. Some end results are women killing the abusive partner, most of the time it is in self- defense after a history of beatings. Studies have been performed in reference to domestic violence and the abuse of drugs and alcohol. Some abusers are abstainers, however, more are substance abusers than not. The present view is that abusers use alcohol and drugs as an excuse for their violence and drink when are about to become violent. Apparently there seem to be a connection between alcohol and drugs and the severity of violence committed against women. In contrast, victims of domestic violence tend to blame the abuse on the substances used rather than on the abuser personally. The victim acknowledges that they do not enjoy the abuse, but believe their partners philosophy that they deserve the abuse. Victims of domestic violence stay with their abusive partner due to economic status, fear of physical danger to themselves and their children, fear of losing children, lack of job skills, lack of alternative housing, lack of support from family members and friends, lack of information regarding alternatives, fear of court procedures, and fear of partner retaliation. The majority of women have poor self image, are lonely, embarrassed and tend to protect the abuser, they are insecure about themselves and believe their partner is sick and needs their help.  · Backache, abdominal pain, indigestion, headaches, hyperventilation, anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, anorexia, heart palpitations, injuries without explanations and embarrassment about them, hidden injuries to head and neck, internal injuries, genital injuries, scars, burn, joint pain or dislocation, numbness, hearing problems, or bald spots. Injuries from a belt, iron, raised ring, teeth, fingertips, cigarette, gun, or knife, jumpiness or flinching in the presence of the abuser, substance abuse/suicidal thoughts or attempts, denial of any problems in their relationship, lack of relationships of friends or family, isolation or confinement to home. Believing in family unity at all costs and in traditional stereotypes, an overzealous partner who does not want to leave spouse alone in an emergency care unit. Battered woman syndrome is being suggested as a sub classification of PTSD due to repetitive abuse being a serious threat to the victim†s health and life. Battered women report nightmares, flashbacks, recurrent fears of more violence, emotional detachment, numbness, startle response, sleep problems, impaired concentration, and hyper vigilance. Victims show reactions to chronic trauma, but no symptoms of psychopathology are present. How can we help? We can offer information and assistance to these individuals who are victimized by their partners. Recognizing the symptoms (listed above) is the first step in offering assistance. Make an assessment (length/frequency of abuse, types of abuse; physical, psychological, sexual, financial) and recommend the victim to available services offered in the surrounding area. Do not be judgmental, be objective, and non threatening, ask directly if abuse is occurring, identify the abusers behavior, acknowledge the seriousness of the abuse, help the victim to asses internal strengths, encourage use of personal resources, give the victims a list of shelters, police departments, legal assistance, and financial aid, allow the victim to choose his or her own options, teach victim to develop a safety/escape plan, tell the abuser to stop the abuse and get himself help, do not blame the victim, do not get angry with the victim, refuse no help to the victim even though they are not ready to leave the abuser, do not retaliate with the victim against the abuser, do not encourage the victim to leave the abuser before she is ready. It is however, important to assure the victims they are not alone and they do not deserve the abuse they have become accustomed to. We must impart to them that they have dignity and worth and acknowledge their mental and physical exhaustion, fears, ambivalence about the abusers and leaving, and their wish to help the abuser as well as themselves. The victim may want to try counseling with a community agency or a local pastor, do not discourage this, it is always the victims decision on how to go about, stopping the violence in their own life.

Essay on Summative Week 2 Part B

Essay on Summative Week 2 Part B Essay on Summative Week 2 Part B Executive Summary One of the key decisions you'll make when starting a business is which legal structure to use. Because it's such an important decision, you should get advice from a qualified independent business, financial or legal advisor. A business name is simply a name or title under which a person, or other legal entity, trades. It not only identifies you to your customers, but also allows you to differentiate yourself from your competitors and enables your customers to make an emotional connection to your business and brand. For many businesses, the name is often the most valuable asset. Decisions made by Business Structures and Business Name also directly impact within the financial advisory services firm which provides advisory service on various types of accounting and business compliance and management issues. Introduction This report will contain information related to legal requirements to setup the Business Structures also advantages and disadvantages of each business structures in Australian. The process of registering a Business Name in NSW for presentation to the client also provided to the relevant section of various legislation and common law. Main Contents 1. Business Structures you choose will depend on the size and type of business, along with your personal circumstances and how much you want to grow the business. Keep in mind that if you need to, you can change your business structure later on if you find that a new structure will meet your needs better. 1. Public companies Legal Requirements Profit/asset test Shareholder spread Certain constitutional and corporate governance requirements Prospectus for the capital raising, a minimum issue price of $0.20 Advantages There is limited liability for the shareholders The business has separate legal entity. These businesses can raise large capital sum as there is no limit to the number of shareholders. Disadvantages There are lot of legal formalities required for forming a public limited company it is costly and time consuming The original owners may lose control Public Limited companies are huge in size and may face management problems such as slow decision making and industrial relations problems. 2. Private companies Legal Requirements Deciding if a company structure is right for you Choosing a company name Deciding how to operate your company Understanding your legal obligations as an officeholder Getting the consent of those involved in your company Registering your company, and Understanding your legal obligations regarding your company name, Australian Company Number (ACN) and Australian Business Number (ABN). Advantages Your liability for the company’s debts is limited, although this protection can be destroyed by creditors, including financiers, calling for guarantees from company directors It’s easy to transfer ownership by selling shares to another party Shareholders (often family members) can be employed by the company Taxation rates can be more favourable You’ll have access to a wider capital and skills base. Disadvantages The company can be expensive to establish and maintain You are required to provide annual and other returns to the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) Your financial affairs are public Directors’ activities are scrutinised by ASIC It can be costly to wind up the business. 3. Trusts Legal Requirements Written trust agreement Business name registration Registering for an ABN number with an Australian address Advantages Limited liability is possible if a corporate trustee is appointed The structure provides more privacy than a company There can be flexibility in distributions among beneficiaries Disadvantages The structure is complex The Trust can be expensive to establish and maintain Problems can be encountered when borrowing due to additional complexities of loan structures 4. Partnerships Legal Requirements Written agreement Business name registration Registering for an ABN number with an

Earth Population Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation

Earth Population Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation Earth Population Our Earth has changed more dramatically in the 20th Century then in any other time period previous. During this time the health of our planet has also been both harmed and improved in dramatic ways. Two examples are that in this century, we have produced more air pollution then ever before, but our nature conservation efforts are working. Based on that type of logic, it is usually very easy for a scientist to tell if a particular change in our environment during the 20th Century, was good or bad for our planet. That is where population growth comes in and breaks this idea. Is population growth good or bad for our world? This is a question which scientists around the world have been debateing about for decades. The purpose of this essay will address that question. It will also talk about the future growth rate of our world's population, what if any relationship can be drawn from over population and the GNP and literacy levels in a country, what types of population control measures the four largest countries use, and finally determine if there are any population problems and find solutions for them. Despite extensive population control measures, the country with the largest population is China. In fact China contains almost one-fourth of the world's people at around 1.2 billion. During the 1950's the population grew at a rate of 2% per year. The rate of growth slowed to 1.3% by 1990, in part due to population control measures. China's population control measures are based around a creul policy allowing parents only one child. This policy has led to higher levels of abortion, sterilizations, and inficide than in any other country in the world. The dramatic declines in China's population growth rate have however taken place well before the one child policy went into effect in 1979. This further confuses experts who study population and try to determine why population rates flucuate. Some of these experts suggest that aside from the one child policy China's growth rate might have decreased from 2.0 to 1.3 percent because of major improvements in infant mortality rates. Thus parents had more confidence that their children would live to maturity. Also, as China has moved to become a more industrialized country families have chosen to reduce family size. For example in our country 200 years ago families were large because the more kids a family had the more successful the farm would be. Those are a few reasons the population rate in China might be lower than in years previous and continue to slow down.

A Review On Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Information Technology Essay

A Review On Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Information Technology Essay INTRODUCTION â€Å"An enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems is that they integrate across functions to create a single, unified system rather than a group of separate, insular applications†. As ERP system is providing optimal solutions and strong control over the company operations, every business is looking forward for this adoption. Since currently available ERP softwares are charging at higher level of licencing and supporting costs, businesses are in the necessity of finding an open source alternative. This document provides the feasible open source alternative option to the current market leader in the proprietary ERP – SAP ECC. Open Source ERP Systems: The following are the popular open source ERP systems available in the latest market. Though there are many number of open sources are available like Opentaps, Ofbiz, ERP5, and so on here only considered few which are moderately fulfil business requirements in compare with SAP solutions. Adempiere This is one of the major ERP leaders in the open source technologies and has been resulted most successful in small and medium industry users mainly in Retail, Trading, Manufacturing and service sectors. [Adempiere Release Manual]. This is highly motivated and active community based software and is in the top 5 positions according to sourceforge.net. Compiere In the current era, Compiere is the most popular open source ERP+CRM application. It is a comprehensive solution for SME’s. This provides solutions in Distribution, Retail, Manufacturing and Service industries with highly adaptable and easy to use enterprise class applications. In ERP, first time Compiere started revolutionary design through which applications are enabled with easy customization and extension without any programing. Openbravo This is more commercial oriented open source ERP. ERP solution provides a robust application which integrates distribution, inventory, E-commerce, accounting and point of sale workflows. This h as been received continuously best open source awards in 2009 and 2010 from Infoworld and many more recognitions from various Organizations. It is developed in java and oracle, postgres SQL databases can be used. OpenERP(Farmer TinyERP) This is comprehensive suite for all operations of an Enterprise. It follows the modular approach which helps customer to initiate one application and then add others as they go. This is designed through a famous 3 tier MVC architecture. Written in Python and Database is PostgreSQL. Clients are required to install flash components in their web browser to access. OpenPro OpenPro is a leader in licensed Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software using open source technology and also this is the first web based ERP software started on demand in the market since 1988. This software designed as a platform independent and is written in open source php. Over the years, Software has shown continuous improvements by providing advanced features along with appl ication stabilization. This is recognized as best suited for the larger businesses. Open Source ERP Pros and Cons The following are the advantages and disadvantages of above open source alternatives. ADempiere Advantages: Architecture Model driven Architecture Active data dictionary – reducing 80% coding work in customization Browser/Server + Client/Server Database independent : PostgresSQL/Oracle/ (MySQL) Function & Structure

Real Estate and Property Management Company report. Maxima Real Estate Essay

Real Estate and Property Management Company report. Maxima Real Estate Development Company - Essay Example However, the name was derived from the term maximum meaning that it would be a company with the ability to perform the best in the effort to elevate and facelift the states of any property to be developed. The report is objectively aimed at providing a summary and a guideline on the property expansion project in the Great Manchester Area. The report is composed of a research survey conducted within a period of 3 weeks to identify a potential opportunity that would generate income within the Great Manchester area (Harris, 2005, p. 18). Since UK is best known for sports especially football availability of vast potential in the field of sports. The best option obtained during the research study settled on a conclusive count for building an international sports academy, which would host a considerable number of sporting activities, which are not limited to athletics, triathlon, football, baseball, volleyball, tennis, rugby and hockey (Reuvid, 2009, p. 42). The decision to settle on devel oping a football academy was considered as the best option because, Maxima Real Estate Development Company is a large multinational company, with organized leadership that is capable of constructing any kind of building. Our representatives and technical teams are also richly talented in myriad areas of expertise that would influence and facilitate the construction process with minimum supervision within a given timeline (Victoria, & Louise, 2004, p. 24). Bottom of Form The company is objectively designed to collaborate with both managers and residence in order to develop properties to the satisfaction of both managers and customers. However, to enhance better outcome, the company plans to employ casual workers from the locality. This will help the local residents benefit from the construction sites, it is one of the strategies aimed at creating more jobs opportunities for the benefit of the global community in any country where the real estate development company wins a constructio n tender (Banfield, 2005, p. 33). The property strategy for a corporate organization Maxima Real Estate Development Company augmented essential acquaintance in project and property development in accordance with the corporate social responsibility (CSR). This is aimed at distinctively creating a difference from our estate development company and the other companies that trade in the same area of expertise and professionalism. This enables corporate organizations to consider and award our company construction and estate management tenders due to adequate and convincing research outcomes (Barry, & Nick, 2010, p. 63). Our objective is aimed at determining and building the best action plan that would enable the company to move forward both internally and externally. With vast expertise and professionalism, our constructors and practitioners are capable of building discreet foundations in management, which are not limited to reputation/ image management, issues management, property brand , crisis and equity management (Bradstreet, & Dun, 2011, p.40). Through developing community relational and philanthropic strategies, the company would be able to avoid the stigma in relation to real estate development business to drive profits. The organization is mandated to achieving its mission and vision through value addition to the corporation of estate development within the country franchising its continuation (Reuvid, 2009, p. 49). However, the organizational interest would no longer be at odds with common good and mutual interest as the company is objectively determined to work for government, faith based and nongovernmental organizations. Our

IT Development And Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT Development And Strategy - Essay Example Describe ways of managing the transition in the support, turnaround, factory, and strategic quadrants? Transitions in the role of IT are crucial to enabling organizations to evolve in their reliance on IT for sustainable business processes. Various factors that are derived from within the environment or outside promote the assimilation of IT with business processes for greater efficiency, etc, thereby prompting the transformation in the role from support to turnaround to the factory and to strategic quadrant. Usually, these triggers are received from the environment and the changing trends in time, which also explains why several firms solely relying on IT for support services began incorporating IT to provide other services to their global consumers. A shift to the turnaround quadrant is often characterized by a need to identify IT as an opportunity in order to usefully utilize insightful data analytics to change strategies thereby gaining an advantage. Organizations that base heavi ly on their factory processes also find IT integration quite helpful in helping them optimize their uptimes. By doing so, they try to circumvent serious downtimes, of which even the slightest, costs a huge amount to any particular organizations (Applegate, Austin, Soule 2009, p. 427). That is why organizations use IT systems in order to prevent significant downtimes to keep their factory operations running smoothly and efficiently. This demonstrates a shift from turnaround to factory quadrant.

Importance of Recruitment and Selection of Salespeople Essay

Importance of Recruitment and Selection of Salespeople - Essay Example This exchange process – sales transaction – makes organizations focused on their clients and making sure the end users are satisfied. However, the sales process itself is what establishes the connection between an organization and a customer. Salespeople, as those who run and manage and sales process, are, in some sense, a chain that connects the business with its external environment and, what is more important, generates sales and, therefore, profits for the company. For this reason recruitment and selection of salespeople is one of the very important aspects of organizational behaviour since effectiveness of recruitment and selection of sales representatives is a basis for future success and effectiveness of the overall sales process of the company. Furthermore, as Darmon outlines (1993, 17), selection of salespeople has a great influence on the performance and profits of the organization. Sales are a direct source of company’s profit. Therefore, since salespe ople determine company’s sales, financial performance and profits, it can be said that salespeople are, actually, the tool that enables a commercial organization to fulfil its major goal of making profit. In addition, Slater and Olson (2000) point out that not only business performance, but the whole business strategy of an organization, is greatly impacted by sales force management (Slater and Olson 2000, 813). Therefore, effective recruitment and selection of salespeople has a direct influence on competitiveness of the business and, if implemented effectively, become a competitive advantage of an organization. Selecting Right People As it has been determined above, salespeople have a direct impact on financial performance, profits, and business strategy of an organization. So, if a salesperson fails in one’s efforts to sell the company’s product effectively, the company itself may fail as well. For that reason hiring right people for the sales positions is cru cial and vital for business success and effectiveness. Correctly chosen employees add value to the employing organization and, according to some estimates, increase sales and productivity to between 6 to 20 percent (Cooper, Robertson, and Tinline 2003, 6). A correct match between the job and an employee benefits the company in terms of reduced absenteeism and employee turnover because of higher employee satisfaction rates, as well as employee’s commitment and loyalty towards the organization. Furthermore, a right choice of a salesperson has a great impact on the company’s overall sales performance. as Armstron et al. (2009, 444) outline, the best salespeople usually make up the top 30 percent of the company’s salesforce, and bring up to 60 percent of the overall sales Armstron et al (2009, 444). This idea is supported by Johnson, Hair and Boles (1989), who believe that â€Å"hiring the right individual for a sales position remains one of the most crucial aspect s of a sales manager’s job† (Johnson, Hair, and Boles 1989, 53). The authors believe that a successful salesperson should have the following characteristics: enthusiasm, good organizational skills, persuasiveness, sales experience, ambition, ability to follow instructions, and sociability. However, while it is possible to identify these qualities when selecting and recruiting candidates, it might be more difficult to identify and recognize the qualities that might lead to a failure. Nevertheless, the very first task of a hiring manager is to identify the key characteristics of an ideal candidate for the position. Clear and precise specifications identified at the start of the selection and recruitment process will minimize the chance for a mistake at the stage of making a hiring decision (Roberts 1997, 4). The role a new employee is

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Alice’s leadership styles were very different from those of Isobella and the employees weren’t happy under the leadership of Alice. She changed the focus of the company from creating fashionable garments to making common clothes wore by the Australian women. Delia an old employee and the Chief designer at Fashion Inc decided to resign after Alice took over in charge. This case study shows us that the leadership styles plays an important role on the organizational cultures how and what a leader does, dedicates the success or failure of the company. Organizational Culture is the set of shared values and beliefs that underlie a company’s identity. It is basically the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments. The organizational culture being followed at any organization is a picture of how and what their leaders are doing. The leadership style determines the type of organizational culture. Under different leadership styles we have got different organizational cultures. Fashion Inc fostered an open culture and by large it succeeded in doing so. All employees were well integrated into the system and each individual and his/her thoughts were considered important. It promoted a rational approach to work where there are proper guidelines and procedures. Any problem with the employee be it work related or personal was listened to and the boss tried their best to give solution to the problem. Top management encouraged a supportive culture to provide a satisfying work environment for employees so they can deliver their best. Employees were delegated through their work and the boss worked with the employees side by side. Organizational heads sometimes do not realize that how important role the organizational climate plays on the financial performance of the company. It accounts for

United Nations and International Human Rights Essay

United Nations and International Human Rights - Essay Example The protection of these rights by the UN however has been criticized as inadequate and inefficient, especially with reports of human rights violations by international as well as private actors and parties. This paper shall discuss the effectiveness of the UN in the protection of human rights. Specifically, the UN’s effectiveness in ensuring the people’s freedom from torture and oppression shall be evaluated in this paper, with particular reference to relevant case and incidents in the international scene. Body The United Nations was established in 1945 in order to establish and ensure international cooperation and coordination in the resolution of economic, political, social, as well as humanitarian issues; it was also established to ensure that respect is allocated for human rights and that freedom of all individuals regardless of their race, gender, religion, and language is protected1. In order to specifically establish the principles in the protection of human righ ts, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948. Through this declaration, various standards and norms for the protection of human rights norms have been established2. However, even with these declarations, serious human rights violations have been seen in various parts of the globe. ... In 2006, the Human Rights Council replaced the Commission of Human Rights4. This council as well as the treaty passed established obligations for states to implement in their own lands in order to support the international mandates. From such show of support, the first steps towards the effective implementation of these treaties were already considered. The Rwanda Genocide in 1994 led to the deaths of 800,000 Rwandans in the span of 100 days5. Years of conflict between the Hutu tribes and the Tutsi population in Rwanda culminated into 100 days of torture and killing in the country. The country was plunged into a political and economic crisis upon the death of the Hutu President Habyarimana in 1994 and his death served as the spur for the killing of Tutsis by the Hutus6. The Tutsis were targeted in an effort to cleanse the Rwandan population7. In the midst of the civilian killings, the UN withdrew its forces from Rwanda, thereby allowing the genocide and human rights violations to per sist8. The UN was in the perfect position to protect the human rights of the Rwandans, but it did not protect such position. It seemed to appear that the UN was more concerned about suffering another failed attempt at peacekeeping, considering its recent experience of failure in Somalia9. As a result of its prudence, hundreds more would die in Rwanda. Freedom from torture and cruel treatment is considered an absolute right, one which is protected by moral laws and unspoken mandates10. Barnett argues further that the UN bears the responsibility of the Rwandan Genocide11. The UN was in the right position to manage the Rwandan crisis in a way that would have made it possible for the Security Council to consider intervention and entry into the

Importance of Recruitment and Selection of Salespeople Essay

Importance of Recruitment and Selection of Salespeople - Essay Example This exchange process – sales transaction – makes organizations focused on their clients and making sure the end users are satisfied. However, the sales process itself is what establishes the connection between an organization and a customer. Salespeople, as those who run and manage and sales process, are, in some sense, a chain that connects the business with its external environment and, what is more important, generates sales and, therefore, profits for the company. For this reason recruitment and selection of salespeople is one of the very important aspects of organizational behaviour since effectiveness of recruitment and selection of sales representatives is a basis for future success and effectiveness of the overall sales process of the company. Furthermore, as Darmon outlines (1993, 17), selection of salespeople has a great influence on the performance and profits of the organization. Sales are a direct source of company’s profit. Therefore, since salespe ople determine company’s sales, financial performance and profits, it can be said that salespeople are, actually, the tool that enables a commercial organization to fulfil its major goal of making profit. In addition, Slater and Olson (2000) point out that not only business performance, but the whole business strategy of an organization, is greatly impacted by sales force management (Slater and Olson 2000, 813). Therefore, effective recruitment and selection of salespeople has a direct influence on competitiveness of the business and, if implemented effectively, become a competitive advantage of an organization. Selecting Right People As it has been determined above, salespeople have a direct impact on financial performance, profits, and business strategy of an organization. So, if a salesperson fails in one’s efforts to sell the company’s product effectively, the company itself may fail as well. For that reason hiring right people for the sales positions is cru cial and vital for business success and effectiveness. Correctly chosen employees add value to the employing organization and, according to some estimates, increase sales and productivity to between 6 to 20 percent (Cooper, Robertson, and Tinline 2003, 6). A correct match between the job and an employee benefits the company in terms of reduced absenteeism and employee turnover because of higher employee satisfaction rates, as well as employee’s commitment and loyalty towards the organization. Furthermore, a right choice of a salesperson has a great impact on the company’s overall sales performance. as Armstron et al. (2009, 444) outline, the best salespeople usually make up the top 30 percent of the company’s salesforce, and bring up to 60 percent of the overall sales Armstron et al (2009, 444). This idea is supported by Johnson, Hair and Boles (1989), who believe that â€Å"hiring the right individual for a sales position remains one of the most crucial aspect s of a sales manager’s job† (Johnson, Hair, and Boles 1989, 53). The authors believe that a successful salesperson should have the following characteristics: enthusiasm, good organizational skills, persuasiveness, sales experience, ambition, ability to follow instructions, and sociability. However, while it is possible to identify these qualities when selecting and recruiting candidates, it might be more difficult to identify and recognize the qualities that might lead to a failure. Nevertheless, the very first task of a hiring manager is to identify the key characteristics of an ideal candidate for the position. Clear and precise specifications identified at the start of the selection and recruitment process will minimize the chance for a mistake at the stage of making a hiring decision (Roberts 1997, 4). The role a new employee is

United Nations and International Human Rights Essay

United Nations and International Human Rights - Essay Example The protection of these rights by the UN however has been criticized as inadequate and inefficient, especially with reports of human rights violations by international as well as private actors and parties. This paper shall discuss the effectiveness of the UN in the protection of human rights. Specifically, the UN’s effectiveness in ensuring the people’s freedom from torture and oppression shall be evaluated in this paper, with particular reference to relevant case and incidents in the international scene. Body The United Nations was established in 1945 in order to establish and ensure international cooperation and coordination in the resolution of economic, political, social, as well as humanitarian issues; it was also established to ensure that respect is allocated for human rights and that freedom of all individuals regardless of their race, gender, religion, and language is protected1. In order to specifically establish the principles in the protection of human righ ts, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948. Through this declaration, various standards and norms for the protection of human rights norms have been established2. However, even with these declarations, serious human rights violations have been seen in various parts of the globe. ... In 2006, the Human Rights Council replaced the Commission of Human Rights4. This council as well as the treaty passed established obligations for states to implement in their own lands in order to support the international mandates. From such show of support, the first steps towards the effective implementation of these treaties were already considered. The Rwanda Genocide in 1994 led to the deaths of 800,000 Rwandans in the span of 100 days5. Years of conflict between the Hutu tribes and the Tutsi population in Rwanda culminated into 100 days of torture and killing in the country. The country was plunged into a political and economic crisis upon the death of the Hutu President Habyarimana in 1994 and his death served as the spur for the killing of Tutsis by the Hutus6. The Tutsis were targeted in an effort to cleanse the Rwandan population7. In the midst of the civilian killings, the UN withdrew its forces from Rwanda, thereby allowing the genocide and human rights violations to per sist8. The UN was in the perfect position to protect the human rights of the Rwandans, but it did not protect such position. It seemed to appear that the UN was more concerned about suffering another failed attempt at peacekeeping, considering its recent experience of failure in Somalia9. As a result of its prudence, hundreds more would die in Rwanda. Freedom from torture and cruel treatment is considered an absolute right, one which is protected by moral laws and unspoken mandates10. Barnett argues further that the UN bears the responsibility of the Rwandan Genocide11. The UN was in the right position to manage the Rwandan crisis in a way that would have made it possible for the Security Council to consider intervention and entry into the

Solving Eating Difficulty in Children Essay Example for Free

Solving Eating Difficulty in Children Essay Eating difficulty is an issue that is so fundamental and often case to children. Sometimes, when a child is so difficult to chew food invited to make us frustrated. Since then, usually we will try a variety of ways like providing herbal appetite enhancers and hunting childs favorite foods every day. The matters the child eating disorder also intrigued our interest to make an article about tips to overcome the difficult child to eat. Here are the details. Serve meals with small portions. Maybe the kid does not like the size of your portions that so reluctant to eat the food there. Many children are ilfeel after seeing a sizable portion. So, try to give a little so that they can eat faster and do not get bored in spend food. Get together with family Do not let children eat alone and we need to create an atmosphere of togetherness when the child was time to eat. For example, you and your husband are on the table then eat foods together. With the atmosphere of togetherness, then the childs appetite will occur slowly. Provide healthy snacks One of the things that concern by parents is the development of the child if he did not want to eat. Of course, when children are fussy eaters then its growth will be stunted and not as friends. One of the best ways to keep it is to try to give nutritional healthy snack. Give interesting snacks such as nuts, dried fruits, and nutritious bread. Variety of food and a nice appearance Perhaps, he needs a variety of foods that your appetite he has incurred. For example, you could give spinach on the first day, broccoli on the second day, and chicken-based dishes in the next day. Variety of foods is a very important thing to prevent children from boredom and the desire not to eat. However, there is one more thing that could trigger a childs appetite, which is an interesting food dish. For example, you can cook carrots to form a star or a unique object. Children will be attracted by the shape and believed to increase appetite. Hopefully, some difficulty eating kids tips above can help you.

Emile Durkheim and Max Weber

Emile Durkheim and Max Weber The subject of Sociology emerged in the 18th and 19th century a period known as The Age of Enlightenment. Since then, the study of Sociology has contributed profoundly and vastly to the world of history by fostering the formation, development, and shaping of societies. The fathers of Sociology, like Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, have had a weighty contribution in studying the development of societies and the evolution of social thinking. During 1789, the changes in French Society encouraged Durkheim to give Sociology its academic credibility and influence, as he saw Sociology as a distinctive study. His study was methodological, which he made evident in his study of the suicides. Weber formed a new form of conflict theory using Marxs work as his base. His research discussed the search for adequacy at the level of both subjective understanding and structural causality. In this essay, I will be focusing on the works of Durkheim and Weber, and will be explaining how the studied the evol ution of society focusing on different aspects. In Durkheims work, The Division of Labour (1997), he studied the changes in social cohesion amongst societies that evolved from traditional to modern, mainly focusing on individualism (Durkheim, 1997). He believed that the division of labour and economic dependence was the main force for binding people together in modern societies, unlike in traditional societies, where the shared belief would hold the society together (Durkheim, 1997). He explained this by mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Nonetheless, he did agree that a shared moral basis was an essential factor in social order, because organic solidarity emphasizes more on individual distinction, rather than common identities (Durkheim, 1997). Therefore, he noticed that, in traditional communities, religion was being replaced by individualism and philosophy. Mechanical solidarity exists in pre-industrial, small-scale societies and individuals are alike because they share the same emotions and same sacred values, hence their properties are communally owned, making the community smaller and traditional (Durkheim, 1997). Therefore, they do not differentiate, which limits job specification in the society. Over time, societies get more complex, this led to an increase in the division of labour and cause mechanical solidarity to be less evident. As a result, organic solidarity is created, forming more modern and large-scaled societies (Durkheim, 1997). In these societies, consensus is created, which means that there is differentiation between individuals, so there was a range of activity and tasks that came across, which strengthens the interdependence amongst them (Durkheim, 1997). In spite of individuals being unlike one another, they need to get on together in order for social life to work. This dependence develops a network of solidarity. Therefore, social order does not rest on uniformity but rather on individual pursuing different, but complementary functions, which encourages individualism and individual talent (Durkheim, 1997). The moral force and consensus amongst others hold the society together and ensures that interdependence remains. It should be considered that Durkheims distinction of these societies was not a simplistic and rigid division, because societies dont exhibit one and not the other. As organic solidarity increasing, societies will still need to have common beliefs because all societies have to have some common set of assumption about the world (Durkheim, 1997). Thus, collective consciousness is vital in a society, because without it, there is a collection of mutually antagonistic individuals (Durkheim, 1997). However, collective consciousness varies in extent and force from one society to another. Mechanical solidarity on one hand embraces individual conscience, and on the other hand, organic solidarity individual scope is higher, because people have greater freedom to follow their own preferences (Durkheim, 1997). Although the division of labour was important to Durkheim, it was not at the basis of his social theory. Unlike Marx, he did not see the economic level of social organization as providing the basis for all others, and he was much more concerned with shared beliefs and norms. He thought that class conflict was a temporary obstacle in social development believing that it acted as a mediator to ensure that modernisation occurred smoothly. Unlike Durkheim, who focused on the society and how that forms the actions, Weber discusses how individual action causes the changes in society. Weber argued that bureaucracies were becoming the organizational model of the 19th Century (Ritzer, 2000 and Weber in Lemert, 1999), which is a large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified work tasks (Newman, 2008). This was seen as a leading example of rationalisation, as decisions were based on efficiency and not on tradition; it was an important social development to modernity. George Ritzer (1993) argues that McDonalds is becoming the model for organizations in the 21st Century; the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world (Ritzer, 1993). Webers rationalisation discussed regularities and patterns of action within civilisations, institutions, organisations, strata, classes, and groups (Ritzer, 2000). His interest lies on the objectified rationality, which is the action that is in accord with some process of external systematization. Weber argues 4 types of rationality practical, theoretical, substantive, and formal to scrutinize the historical fates of rationalization as sociocultural processes (Kalbery, 1980). Practical rationality is every way of life that views and judges worldly activity in relation to the individuals purely pragmatic and egoistic interests (Kalbery, 1980). Individuals that practice this rationality, merely accept realities, and deal with difficulties in the most expedient way. This rationality opposes anything that threatens to transcend everyday routine. Individuals tend to distrust all impractical values, as well as theoretical rationality. Theoretical rationality understands reality through t he abstract concepts, rather than through action (Ritzer, 2000). Unlike practical rationalists, individuals deal with difficulties as a quest to understand the world as a meaningful cosmos. Substantive rationality discusses how individuals accept the various possible values and attempt to make them consistent (Ritzer, 2000). However, this does become an issue in modern societies as it acts as an obstacle to pursue certain values. For example, being grounded to family values may be difficult for an individual to tolerate the economic pressure and dominance from bureaucratic organisations. Lastly, formal rationality characterises bureaucratic, which leads to universally applied rules, laws and regulations that characterize formal rationality in the West particularly in the economic, legal, and scientific institutions, as well as in the bureaucratic form of domination (Ritzer, 2000), such as the contemporary legal and judicial systems. As society was become more rationalised, Weber noticed that in modern societies, formal rationality played a greater role, thus substantive rationality lead to a decline (Ritzer, 2000). This is because; formal rationality emerged consequently during the time when capitalistic organisations were being developed. Due to the increase in formal rationality, the other forms of rationality are crowded out, limiting the possibility of creative social action (Ritzer, 2000). Durkheim believed that individuals actions are not independently chosen by them but in fact is the choices are planned by society. Using religion as an example, we possess certain values, beliefs and practices which have been learnt over time, because of their existence before. As a result, Durkheim believes that we perform our roles in society as a duty, even though they conform to my own sentiments and I feel their reality subjectivelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I merely inherited them through my education (Appelrouth, S. Laura D.E in 2008). For example, the roles we perform as being a sister, or wife, or even mother is more like a duty, and how society expects us to behave and act towards the other. Therefore, the achievement of social life among people, the existence of social order and social solidarity is established by collective standards of behaviour and values (Durkheim, 1964). However, social solidarity is crucial for the existence of society; the specific type or form social solidari ty which resides within a society is not fixed and changes the changing form of society. The members of the society adopt common values, beliefs and tradition, which is created as products of collective interaction. This means that individuals are constrained to adopt their culture in a certain way, because they belong to that culture (Durkheim, 1964). For example, as a member of the audience, individuals feel obliged to applaud at the right time to conform the feeling of collectively. Therefore, the social group is a social phenomenon, as it constrains individual behaviour, which is known as social facts. It is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or gain, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations (Durkheim, 1964: 13). For example, many people say that society is the reason for their actions, beliefs and knowledge; like society expects one to get married and have children, however not everyone fulfils these expectations, and they still do continue living in society. Nevertheless, the degree of constraint and freedom vary and there is always a degree of choice, but the there is also a degree of constraint, which are social facts. Durkheim (1964) argues that social facts must be regarded as things which can be observed at the level of collectively and not at the level of individual behaviour. He also suggests that one can identify social phenomena by identifying situations of social constraint. Using suicide as an example, we all believe that it is the most individualistic action of all actions (Poilton et al, 1987). However, Durkheim uses his work on Suicide to prove that even in its most solitary and individual of acts, something external to the individual, namely society, has not only been a witness to but also the director of the tragic drama. Webers social action theory explains how individuals in society have the ability to exert control over their own actions, which makes them the active creator of social behaviour, hence opposing Durkheims view about society constructing their action. Hence, according to Weber, society is created by individuals and not the other way around (Weber, 1978 and Whimster, 2000). Individuals in society use their conscious thought to be aware of themselves and others as social beings; they possess their own motives, belief, and reasons, and they control their own actions. Weber discusses 4 types of social action according to the degree of rationality vs. meaningfulness traditional action, affectual action, value-rational action, and instrumental action (Weber, 1978 and Whimster, 2000). Traditional action is an unthinking habitual behaviour. It has low rationality and low meaningfulness (Weber, 1978). For example, the way people eat in different cultures and families vary. Thus, eating with yo ur hands is not considered rude in an Indian family, whereas it would be in a European family. Affectual action is governed by emotions, and thus makes it uncontrollable, similarly to traditional action; it is low on rationality and meaningfulness (Weber, 1978). For example, emotions such as laughing, burping, and anger are controllable, and as a result, the individuals have the ability to exert control. Value-rational action is the characteristic of modern societies and civilisations that have not made the transition to high modernity (Weber, 1978). These actions are high on rationality, but low on meaning, as one is unable to reflect upon the value of actions. For example, in religion, the belief in God is rational as there is blind faith, and people follow certain practices in order to go to heaven. Lastly, instrumental action represents the completion of an individuals ability to reflect upon the ways and purposes of his actions (Weber, 1978). It exists in all societies, but pre dominantly in advanced capitalist societies. For example, in society, in order to earn a PhD degree, one has certain rational acts to achieve that certain rational goal, such as funds and grades. Therefore, Weber argued that the actions of the individuals are not influenced by society, but in fact they have the capability to exert control over their actions, thus they are independent of their own behaviour. In Division of Labour (1997), Durkheim further discusses the reinforcement of suitably modernized societies. He saw that only certain groups would be permitted to regulate economic life by generating the moral standards (Turner, 1993). According to Durkheim, these standards can be established neither by the scientist in his study nor by the statesman; it has to the task of the groups concerned. (Turner, 1993); in other words, it cannot come from outside. However, these groups were non-existent in society (Turner, 1993). Although Durkheim was vague about the groups, he does implicitly argue that the groups would have initially been formed by legislation; once the group is formed, nothing can hinder an appropriate moral life from evolving out of it (Turner, 1993). Nevertheless, Durkheims vague idea about the groups was correct. The governmental regulation of economic life, such as the regulation on the notions of morality and equity, has enormously developed in modern industrialised societies, and the agent is known as the State, not occupational groups (Turner, 1993). As Durkheim failed to realise the ability the State possesses to regulate economic life, he also underestimated the moral power of traditional intermediate groups, which were based upon their religion and ethics (Turner, 1993). He believed that only modern groups could counterbalance the actions of the State. However, Durkheim viewed central State and intermediate groups are the key factors to individual rights (Turner, 1993). Therefore, Durkheim perceives the State as the organ of the society, it is the social brain; the State acts as a regulator. Weber did not see State as the regulator, but in fact, he saw the State as dominator. As we are aware that bureaucracy organisation were being more popular, societies transferred from traditional to modern over a period of time, especially in capitalist societies. Weber saw that there was a new emphasis on materialism and consequently the rise in Protestantism resulted in the formation of The Iron Cage as human society was imprisoned with depersonalisation and increased rationalisation (Weber, 1958). According to Calvinism, known as a rational religious system, people should engage in a disciplined and methodical way of life which would facilitate their path to become richer and work harder (Weber, 1958). This was because they believed that it was the right way to glorify God, as it would be a sign that they are chosen to be saved. Contrary, Catholic doctrine followed the idea that one would obtain salvation by the means of avoiding salvation and adopting an isolated and mainly spiritual life (Weber, 1958). Therefore, the attitude of material wealth to serve God, and wasting time and money being an obstacle for salvation, led to development of the Capitalist system, as it permitted Christians to live luxuriously, thus rational economy was formed in which everything was calculated and designed to maintain the system. However, soon, the reasons for material wealth had been substituted for other reasons, and maintaining the social system was a key priority (Weber, 1958). These meant that people worked and earn more, just so they could spend more. As a results, science replaced religion in order to keep the system working, thus the Capitalist system got out of hand, which linked to secularisation (Weber, 1958). Unconsciously, people were trapped in the system, like a cage, without ways to leave, which subsequently made them slaves of the system, transferring people into money machines (Weber, 1958). According to Weber, peoples ability to control their life was diminishing as they no longer had the option of to be or not to be part of the system; their freedom is limited. Ironically, the bureaucracy aimed to ensure peoples civil liberty, but unfortunately, it resulted in people enslaving them, and indirectly forcing them to support the system. To conclude, it is evident that Weber and Durkheim both focused on different aspects when studying social evolution. Weber focused on the economical aspect, such as capitalism and bureaucracy, and Durkheim on the social, like the workings of society; Weber supported the idea that actions of individuals caused a change in society, but Durkheim disagreed and said that it was the change in society that led to a change in peoples actions. However, they are similar in the way that they both believed that society needed to evolve, and break through the traditional way of life.